Comparing Reading And Writing Strategies - 1309 Words

Compare and Contrast Two Reading and Writing Strategies Rilla Showles William Carey University â€Å"Reading comprehension and writing skills are a predictor of academic success and a basic requirement for participation in civic life and in the global economy† (Beltran, Decker, 2014, p.18). â€Å"Children are expected to read and comprehend grade-level texts independently and proficiently by the end of third grade and fifth grade† (Stahl, 2012, p. 47). One method of supporting adolescent writing development is scaffolding. Scaffolding is an effective writing instruction that provides structured support as students take on new writing projects or more difficult task (Benko, 2013, p. 291). Reading Recovery and Guided Reading is similar to scaffolding because it uses the same technique. Both Reading Recovery and Guided Reading provides high levels of scaffolding for beginning readers (Stahl, 2012, p. 48). Scaffolding provides support for both reading and writing by enabling the student to master more complex tasks until the scaffolding i s no longer needed. These strategies provide individual support to students. Once they have mastered a skill they move on to the next level. Read Aloud is similar to scaffolding in that the lessons are organized in such a way to gradually become more complex with time by building on prior learned skills and strategies. The purpose in the read aloud scaffolding much like the writing scaffolding in that eventually students areShow MoreRelatedI Loved At The Library854 Words   |  4 Pagesget old. Growing up reading was always encouraged especially in elementary. I loved going to the library, the feeling of excitement ran through my tiny body to see what new book I would pick out. Not only did I enjoy reading but I enjoyed the daily journal writings. We either had a specific topic or situation and we had have to elaborate on how we would approach such situation or we would just write about whatever we wanted. Fourth grade a joined a UIL section named â€Å"Reading†. The ins tructor wouldRead MoreLearning Using A Whole Class1094 Words   |  5 Pageslooks at three case studies from students for presentation. Monte-Sano sought a teacher that had â€Å"an advanced degree in history, a focus on writing, and an inquiry orientation toward history.† Monte-Sano chose the largest class of Mr. Lyle, and students who scored below or at average of their class, their scores represented the class majority, and their writing change was reflective of â€Å"important aspects of Mr. Lyle’s pedagogy.† Chauncey organized her â€Å"field notes and interview data chronologicallyRead MoreWhy write? Why do such a thing? Why do anything? The answer is to grow-both as a person and1100 Words   |  5 Pagesgrow-both as a person and academically. When I look back to the beginning, I realize how much my writing and reading skills have developed seeing how I have mastered the art of each course goal. Each objective has developed itself in its own little un ique way. Why would anyone write an essay on how to do something? He or she would write such a paper to influence people and to show them how to do something. Writing an essay on taking off an airplane, I was looking to influence my audience and direct themRead MoreStudent Learning Process1498 Words   |  6 Pagesnotes; where teachers write brief notes regarding students’ reading and writing activities, questions that they might have asked, and skills they are able to fully apply to their reading and writing. Furthermore, conferring with students is also an effective way to get to know the students’ reading and writing level, setting reading and writing goals and is also a form of holding students’ accountable for keeping up with their personal reading goal; conferences can be formal or informal; this is alsoRead MoreThe Process Of Learning For Read Can Be Difficult For Young Children1096 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of the reading process as well as skills to te ach children skills and strategies to become a successful reader. Using a balanced approach to teaching children reading skills and strategies, teachers start with explicit instruction before gradually giving students responsibility and independence in using these strategies for reading. Teachers must understand the importance of oral language, vocabulary, concepts of print, phonemic awareness, phonics and comprehension within the reading process toRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of The Neolithic Revolution Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesStudents will be reading an excerpt from â€Å"The Worst Mistake in the Human History of the Human Race† by Jared Diamond. The teacher selected two paragraphs from the article. Students have learned what the Neolithic Revolution brought to humans. The Neolithic Revolution brought agriculture, domesticated animals, surplus amounts of food and grew population. So far, they only have seen the positive impact from the Neolithic Revolution. This so urce will introduce students to the counterclaim about theRead MoreSummary Of Death Of A Funeral Business By Sandy Hingston And Time Aint Money1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmy writing strategy was and how I got to the interpretation that I did with both essays. By the term controlling purpose I mean the main idea that I think the author is trying to get across to their audience. I learned what the a controlling purpose is in the beginning of the course during the first couple of weeks. Things that I struggled with in this semester with are that connecting how the author’s main purpose mattered to me, and getting a good understanding of the text at first reading. OneRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Reflection1032 Words   |  5 Pages This semester has taught me a lot about the different types of writing. I have learned how to draft and compose a rhetorical analysis based off of an author’s ethos, pathos, and logos strategies. Not only have I been able to critically analyz e rhetorical papers, but I have been able to search for more information to support my ideas or beliefs. Even though this can be time consuming it is well worth it to have a lot of support and evidence to back my ideas or beliefs on a topic. Throughout thisRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The First Rhetorical Strategy921 Words   |  4 PagesThe first rhetorical strategy I used in my descriptive paragraphs was word choice. I bring this up first because without it, the reader has a vague perception of the story. Although if used accordingly, it revives the story and the reader can fully grasp what you want them to see. The best use of this in my positive paragraph was â€Å"spacious†. I wanted the reader to visualize a vast and roomy drive thru while reading my paragraph. Although I could’ve used other words like â€Å"large†, or â€Å"big† they wouldn’tRead MoreThe Analysis : Fleming Mills1212 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as books, handouts, article s, or dictionaries. Reading the printed information and writing notes are methods used â€Å"as their first preference for taking in information† (Fleming, 1995, p. 2). Alexandra Georgeta (2011) state, â€Å"People who prefer this modality are often addicted to PowerPoint, the Internet, lists, and words† (p. 579). The read/write learners make good traditional learners because most schools assign some form of reading to teach new material. Additionally, these students may

The Palestine Of The Ottoman Empire - 1536 Words

Since the end of Hitler’s Regime in Germany, many Jews have felt displaced and felt like they had lost all of their pride and dignity. The British who had control over Palestine from the fall of the Ottoman Empire had declared in 1947 that the land of Palestine would be established as the national home of the Jews. The Jews who had stayed in Palestine had halfheartedly accepted the terms even though it had meant that they would not be given the whole of the land as a state for the Jews. Which had then led to many clashes between Jews, who had lived there and those who had emigrated, and the Palestinian Arabs, who had roots from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Since the end of World War II, the state of affairs between the Arabs and Israelis have been a topic of discussions for many fields of study. In 1947, the state of Israel was created by the means of a Partition Plan created by the UN Security Council that had given three zones, each to both the Palestinians and Israelis but has since then led to many conflicts throughout the years. Conflicts that not only include the history of the land, but of who has the right to settle on the land where the three Abrahamic religions, all share history.1 While many of the Arab nations did not fully accept the agreements of the creation of the state of Israel, it was the Jew who settled on that land that were the least satisfied due to losing the full rights to the ‘promise land’. It was through that dissatisfaction that many JewsShow MoreRelatedOttoman Brotherhood Essay examples1205 Words   |  5 PagesNotions of Brotherhood throughout the Late Ottoman Period: In Ottoman Brothers, Michelle Campos attempts to dispel the misconceived notion of the role of ‘ethnic nationalisms’ in the last Islamic Empires disintegration. By utilizing a wide range of sources, Campos illustrates how the Ottoman Empire was far from a ‘prison of nations’, where ‘natural nationalisms’ slowly deteriorated the national composition. That it was, in contrast, a melting pot of ethnicities sharing in the faith of newly acquiredRead MoreThe Rise Of Zionism And Arab Nationalism1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of Zionism and Arab Nationalism in the nineteenth century triggered major political tensions in the region of Palestine. The conflict among the Zionists and Arab Nationalists is primarily due to the politics of territory and is essentially not comprised of religious opposition. In fact, before the advent of Zionism and Arab Nationalism, Jews and Palestinians shared a local identity due to mutual tolerances. This identity, wh ich took precedence over religion, created a vivacious communityRead MoreJewish Nationalism Of The Ottoman Empire1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ottoman empire ruled over what is now called Palestine. The population there, according to Ottoman records from 1878 was 87% muslim, 10% christian and 3% jewish. Everyone spoke arabic as the daily language and in Jerusalem the religious population was about equal. In the Ottoman Empire, religions were ensured to live peacefully together. The late 19th century was the golden age of nationalism in Europe and no place was crazier than the Habsburg Hungarian Empire. 10 nations in this empire wantedRead MoreThe Between European Powers And The Ottoman Empire Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagescomponent in European-Ottoman relations , as the latter was an entity comprised of myriad cultural and linguistic aggregates with the existence of socio-religious supremacy within the administrative hierarchy as opposed to regional representation. Due to the exposed nature of the Ottoman Empire’s infrastructural instability, the European ‘Great Powers’ were the recipients of extraordinary influence in regards to the governance and status of composite states within the Empire, a capacity frequentlyRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pagesup until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jew s and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the region by the British and French imperialist powers following the division of the Ottoman Empire between them at the end of World War 1.4 There are many features of the Middle East, specifically Palestine, that account forRead MoreThe Palestinian Conflict : The Israeli Conflict1406 Words   |  6 PagesIsraeli, Palestinian Conflict Lets begin as most historians do, in the late 19th century. The Ottoman empire ruled over what is now called Palestine. The population there, according to Ottoman records from 1878 was 87% muslim, 10% christian and 3% jewish. Everyone spoke arabic as the daily language and in Jerusalem the religious population was about equal. To give you a sense of life in the Ottoman Empire, an arab orthodox christian musician named Wasif Jawhariyyeh grew up in Jerusalem in the firstRead More British Diplomacy in Palestine Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesI believe that British diplomacy in Palestine was consistently indecisive and hypocritical but at the same time the British wanted to keep their hands in Palestine’s economy and goods. The reasoning behind this statement is because of the events that played out during the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, the Sykes-Picot agreement, and the Balfour declaration. First, the Hussein-McMahon correspondence was a long-drawn-out exchange of letters between the Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali and BritishRead MoreWestern Imperialist Policies And Goals1360 Words   |  6 Pagesselfish interest. The main ones were being noted getting the areas of oil fields and vast land. Before World War I, Ottoman Empire is found to be really established especially due to the good leadership provided by the three dictators. Its large population is found to be supportive, a factor that enables it to have a large and established army. With over one million soldiers, the empire is well equipped with a sole objective of protecting its territories. This is seen when they launch an offensive attackRead MoreHistorical Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdiplomatic future did not prevail. The peace process between Palestine and Israel failed due to the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, subsequent to the handshake signalling the agreement. The continuity of this conflict initially caused by sovereignty and ultranationalism, has resulted in a current inability for both Palestine and Israel to come to terms with an agreeable, nonviolent, two state solution. The historical conflict between Palestine and Israel, the significance of the handshake, reacti onsRead MoreThe Success And Resilience Of The Ottoman Empire Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, Ottoman suzerainty over its non-Muslim subjects in the Mediterranean and its European territories (Balkans and Caucasus) rested on religious identification as the cornerstone of society within the Ottoman Empire. The success and resilience of the empire derived its legitimacy from the flexibility and willingness to accommodate and respect local customs and religions in exchange for taxes (Jyzhia) and pledges of loyalty. Under the Millet system, the administrative institution under Ottoman law

Mcdonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local Recipe free essay sample

Today, McDonald’s golden arches are one of the most recognized symbols in the world, just behind the Olympic rings. While growth within the U. S. has slowed, the picture outside the U. S. has appeared brighter, until recently. However, globally, taste profiles and consumer desires are changing. McDonald’s has responded to these changes by altering their basic products (when necessary) to fit the requirements of the local markets. While not always successful, it has proven to be a winning strategy. )Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? Does McDonald’s think global and act local? Does it also think local and act global? The popularity of American-style hamburgers, fries, and soft drinks is growing around the world. Also, the restaurants themselves offer the consumers a chance to experience for themselves a fast food legend that provide inexpensive food, quick service, and a clean, familiar environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local Recipe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although global dietary preferences are converging (e. . fast food), a solid understanding of food-related cultural preferences is important for companies in the FB industry. In many locations, menu items are adapted according to the customs and tastes of individual countries. McDonald’s offers an ideal example of â€Å"global localization. † E. g. Chicken Maharaja Mac was created for Indian market; local food ingredients were used in India and China, etc. With McDonald’s offering of local tastes and a combination of American fare, McDonald’s thinks globally (product adaption) and acts globally (standardization). E. g. tyle makeover of the McDonald restaurant at Champs Elysees. 2)Do you think government officials in developing countries such as Russia, China, and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these countries welcome McDonald’s? Why or why not? Despite concerns by governments and citizens in some countries about â€Å"cultural im perialism,† (e. g. French said McDonald’s â€Å"promote globalization industrially produced food†), McDonald’s and other franchises with well-known brand names are generally welcome. Such businesses provide both much-needed jobs and employee training. McDonald’s does a good job of earning the support of local authorities and the local population by working with agricultural producers to develop local supply sources for beef, potatoes, and dairy products. And, owing to changing lifestyles around the globe, more people are embracing the whole concept of fast food. 3)The â€Å"Plan to Win† initiative is built around five factors that drive McDonald’s business: people, products, place, price, and promotion. As a student of marketing what can you say about these factors? These five factors closely mirror the four P’s of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place. For a service marketer: people and physical evidence are also added to the mix. For McDonald’s people and physical evidence are also important P’s of marketing. They are realizing the importance of creating a â€Å"modern, streamlined environment† so as to â€Å"encourage customers to stay longer and spend more†. Another thing they may consider is to improve the service quality to help with that. McDonald’s has tried to enrich its product mix by considering â€Å"What does our brand allow us to consider selling to our customers†, instead of being stuck with hamburgers.

Project Management Methodology Plan for Water Crosby West Bank Water

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Methodology of the Plan for Water Crosby West Bank Water . Answer: Introduction The Mt Crosby West Bank WTP (Water Treatment Plant) is one of the major water treatment plants that have been ranked second among the others. The report here seeks to provide the report containing the plan and the blue print that will serve as the standard for the other objectives (Seqwater.com.au 2016). The various details that have been provided in this report mainly concentrate on the technicalities of the water treatment plant. These standards will help in improvement of the services that are provided by the company and will help in creation of trust in the stakeholders of the company. The plant which has been installed suffers the wear and tear over the time. Hence the plant equipments that have been installed in the premise needs to be changed with time for maintaining the standards. The scope of this installation which aims to improve the quality of water treatment is four (4) back wash motor that will be used for cleaning the filters, thirty eight (38) actuators for controlling the water flow, thirty six (36) butterfly valves that will be installed within the filter plant and finally the six (6) actuator valve for the pure water well. The water that is treated in this plant is used for both domestic and the industrial purpose and hence the quality should be maintained. Installation of the back wash motor The back wash motors are the pumps that are used for pumping water into the system. The water that is pumped for a specific interval of time is used for cleaning the filters so that the water purifier keeps on filtering up to the mark. For the process of cleaning the filters, water is made to flow in the reverse direction (Al-Sarkal and Arafat 2013). The motors that will be installed on the site have to be properly aligned and the alignment should be checked using the laser alignment technique. The other specifications too have been deliberated in the sheet so that the equipments are easily accepted by the present system and the necessary changes that are necessary for accommodating the pumps can be avoided (Spellman, F.R., 2013). The control system for the motors that too have to be installed in the site should be fitted with the thermistor system for measurement of the temperature in order to prevent overheating. The motor becomes over heated as the efficiency of the motor is not 1 00%, the electrical energy that is used to drive the motor is transferred to the mechanical energy and the heat energy. The heat energy has a disastrous effect on the motor hence the prevention against over heating has to be taken, so that the motor keeps on working in a conducive environment. The relevant documents like the mechanical and the electrical drawing, operation manual and training manual that are used for the installation and proper working of the machine should be handed over to the organization (Kerzner 2013). The maintenance and replacements should be carried out regularly in order to ensure a proper working of the system. In this case the maintenance work is carried out in every three years. Installation of the motors should cost around 650 USD for each motor plus the installation and the transportation charges. The installation will be accompanied by the service period of three months and the bearing vibration reports should be delivered to the site engineers (Laute nschlager et al. 2014). The department of the electrical engineering in the organization is responsible for monitoring and maintenance of the installed motors, hence the engineers will communicate to the respective managers for improvement of the system and the progresses made (Walker 2015). Since the work need intensive capita the management is responsible for the selection of the quotations. Actions Quality Benchmarks Responsibility Timeline Capital Completion Supply and installation of four (4) back wash motors that has been laser aligned. According to the specified specification mentioned on the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors Within 400 USD, the present rate will be decided based on the market values (Mark appropriately Installation of the thermistor control of the motor According to the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors Within 200 USD the present rate will be decided based on the market values (Mark appropriately Supplying of documentation related to the installation and training According to the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors Nil (Mark appropriately Installation of Auxiliary components The auxiliary components of the motor that has to be installed along with it are electric actuators, valve lower seals, valve spindles, electric actuators and the dive nuts for making the system work properly (Tetzlaff et al. 2016). Hence the sixteen parts that are have been put on the tender takes care of the various aspects like the control of the floodgate or penstock for controlling the water flow. The implementation of the project aims to reduce the leakages of the system that ensures the purified water doesnt mix with the untreated water which will compromise the quality of the water produced. The replacement of the auxiliary system should be carried out in every six months in order to ensure the quality of the water. Apart from the sixteen auxiliary equipments that are to be installed in the site a hand held tools for electrical setup will also be provided. The deliverable also includes the various manuals that are related to the equipments, like the electrical drawings, mecha nical drawings, the training manuals and operation and the maintenance manuals (Schwalbe 2015). The department of electrical engineering is responsible for the working of the equipments that will be installed in the system. The manager of the department is also responsible for the faults in the system after the installation and the commissioning has been done. The manager will oversee the communication and monitoring of the processes, the internal memos that is used for the improving the system will also be generated by the departmental head. The capital investments for the auxiliary equipments are medium, and the installation process will be allocated to the bidder with the least amount of quotation which will be around 1600 USD. Actions Quality Benchmarks Responsibility Timeline Capital Completion Supply, Installation and commissioning of 16 electric actuators, valve spindles, valve lower seals and drive nuts. According to the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors. Within 1300 USD (Mark appropriately) Supply of hand held electronic set up tool. According to the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors Within 200 USD the present rate will be decided based on the market values (Mark appropriately) Supplying of documentation related to the installation and training According to the specification sheet Manager of the Department of electrical engineering The replacement will be done after three years of the installation of the motors Nil (Mark appropriately) Installation of pneumatic Actuators and back wash inlet valves According to Prescott and Prescott (2016), during the water treatment process, backwash inlet valves and pneumatic actuators are the set of equipment that includes a motor is controlled or operated by gas or water under pressure, and the desired direction of flow water is controlled by the gates. The maintenance of equipment should take for a maximum of one month and can be replaced after three years of service. To reduce the cost of the operation and to maximize efficiency, the company replaces the old ones with new pneumatic valves and actuators. It helps the company to maintain their goal of having higher efficiency within their operational system. The actual number of pneumatic valves and actuators that will be commissioned and installed stands at thirty-six (Burt 2014). As stated in the quotation request upon completion of the work, all manuals and reports of valve pressure test certification and sign off inspection, maintenance and operation manual, mechanical and electrical dr awings, and design specification and justification, must be handed over to the electrical department manager. According to the company objectives and expected output levels, the manager will be tasked for this activity with regards to planning and monitoring progress (Lawson 2014). The manager will be communicating developments, noted owing as a result of the installation to the higher management and the improvement efforts has to be sustained, which will be based on the constant monitoring of these items performance. In three years time, the project will require around 3600 USD as this is a capital intensive project, with the reasonable factor of inflation taken into account (Wright 2013). The objective for this goal statement is mentioned below. Step of Action Quality of Benchmark Person Tasked With Time Duration Resources Required Completion Status Supply of records bearing vibration, specification, inspection, tests and specification, manuals, drawings, and laser alignments. Against RFQ Manager of Electrical Department After three years it will take around one month Nil (Mark appropriately) Commissioning, installation, and supply of 36 pneumatic valves and actuators Against RFQ specifications Manager of Electrical Department After three years replacement will take one month Based on inflation in 3 years price should be within 3600 USD with reasonable variance (Marking appropriately) Installation The air scour valve pneumatic actuators The backwash system has air scour pneumatic valve actuators, which are a set of parts comprised of the motor and are fluid driven to increase the filter efficiency. The reason behind it is that, to conform to the company's objective the production cost in line with being less. This operation includes commission, supply, and installation of ten pneumatic actuators and delivering the critical documentations related to the newly installed equipment, replacement of which will take a maximum of one month after every three years (Lautzenheiser 2013). The manager of the electrical department will overlook the entire operation including sustaining improvements efforts, monitoring plan progress, and improvements noted by documenting the machines performance. The allocated budget for this goal is medium, and the cost will be in the range of USD 500 in three years time subjecting in inflation rates (Felch, Patterson and Wiercinski 2014). The objective for this goal statement is mentioned below. Step of Action Quality of Benchmark Person Tasked With Time Duration Resources Required Completion Status Supply of records bearing vibration, specification, inspection, tests and specification, manuals, drawings, and laser alignments. Against RFQ Manager of Electrical Department After three years it will take around one month Nil (Mark appropriately) Commissioning, installation, and supply of 10 pneumatic valves and actuators Against RFQ specifications Manager of Electrical Department After three years replacement will take one month Based on inflation in 3 years price should be within 500 USD with reasonable variance (Marking appropriately) To regulate the flow of water within various water treatment segments, the backwash outlet penstock valve actuators, which are a set of parts, comprises of an actuator or a motor. Handheld electronic actuator set up tools would be replaced and fitted with twelve actuators under this part. After every 3 years the process will be done and maximum of the total time period, it will take up to one year to complete the task. After the completion of the exercise the report was handed over to the electrical manager of the organization. The report that is handed over to the manager is consists of specific design, operations, maintenance manual, and drawings and signed off tests. If any new equipment will be required then the manger will be responsible for that. He or she needs to communicate with others for communication and improvement. The expected outcome can be achieved by installation of new equipment to the existing system. The scope of budget will be estimated at US 600 to influence the implementation rate. The goals of the actions are as follows: Action step Benchmark Responsible person Timeline management Required resources Completed The supply Inspection, implementation and delivery of 12 actuator valve. It is against the specifications of RFQ. The responsible person is the manger from the electrical department. For replacement at least 3 years will needed. On the basis of the inflation in 3 years USD 600 with variance reasons are considered. Appropriate marking is required to complete it. The actions are needed to be adopted in supply records. The components are as follows drawing, manual designing, inspection and vibration and testing. It is against the REQ. The manager of the electrical department After every three years one months. NA Appropriate marking is required to complete it. Installation of Pure water outlet butterfly valve electronic actuator Pure water outlets are electronics actuators, which comprises of motor, which is fitted with a rod along with the plates that helps in controlling and rotating the flow of water. The plates are sometimes prone to wear and tear and therefore, they must be replaced after every 3 years. The edges of the plates are lost and thus it intends more water. The process involves replacement of 6 actuators which is fitted along with the hand held actuators for handing all the reports as per the requirement. The manager of the electric department is very much responsible for reporting the progress, which is constructed with the help of internal memo, and sustaining improvement through the help of documentation. The table below shows the goal of the objective. Action Step Benchmark (feature) The person who is responsible Timeline Resources Required Accomplished Installation of the six (6) valves Against the disclaimer of RCQ Manager of Electrical Department Replacement requires a time of one month after 1 year. Within USD 600 with reasonable variance based on inflation in 3 years Marked appropriately Supplying the documents Against (RFQ) Electrical department manager One month is required after one month. Nil Marked appropriately References Al-Sarkal, T. and Arafat, H.A., 2013. Ultrafiltration versus sedimentation-based pretreatment in Fujairah-1 RO plant: Environmental impact study.Desalination,317, pp.55-66. Burt, A., Schneider Electric Buildings, Llc, 2014.Advanced Valve Actuator With True Flow Feedback. U.S. Patent Application 14/211,005. Felch, C.L., Patterson, M. and Wiercinski, S., Siemens Energy, Inc., 2014.Composite media for water treatment processes and methods of using same. U.S. Patent 8,753,524. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lautenschlager, K., Hwang, C., Ling, F., Liu, W.T., Boon, N., Kster, O., Egli, T. and Hammes, F., 2014. Abundance and composition of indigenous bacterial communities in a multi-step biofiltration-based drinking water treatment plant.Water research,62, pp.40-52. Lautzenheiser, T.L., Godfrey, D.O., Miles, M.E., Mork, S.O. and Bylsma, R.B., Access Business Group International Llc, 2013.Valve system. U.S. Patent 8,375,970. Lawson, D., 2014. Developing an Asset Management Program for a Wastewater Treatment Plant.Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2014(12), pp.2168-2182. Prescott, R.E., RE Prescott Co., Inc, 2016.Aeration control valve system for water treatment system and methods for using same. U.S. Patent Application 15/064,038. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Seqwater.com.au. (2016). Mt Crosby | Seqwater. [online] Available at: https://www.seqwater.com.au/education/virtual-tour/mt-crosby-0 [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Spellman, F.R., 2013.Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations. CRC Press. Tetzlaff, S.K., Robinson, L.T., Bierig, K.R. and Shaffer, D.A., Baker Hughes Incorporated, 2016.Auxiliary Face Seal for Submersible Well Pump Seal Section. U.S. Patent 20,160,145,984. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Wright, T., Cornelison, T., Bauer, M. and Abrams, A., ClearCove Systems, Inc., 2013.Method and apparatus for a vertical lift decanter system in a water treatment system. U.S. Patent Application 14/142,197.

How To Write Literature Review Outline With Examples

A key requirement when an individual starts the process of putting down ideas in a paper is to possess the knowledge and put it through to the audiences in a very consistent and clear manner. To achieve that, they must read widely and identify sources that are adequately addressing the subject. Identification of the Issue You want to investigate the impact of communication during a crisis in an institution that has been bothering you. Justifying Communication as Important during Crisis Scenarios The institution you are attached has experienced recurring accidents and your thought is that not much has been done to inform the workers in terms of pre-crisis, during a crisis and post-crisis communication to keep workers alert always. Make an Order Literature Archives Establish the subtopics, in books, articles, and other important sources Get involved, research in the libraries Read more Make short notes that you will use in your literature review An Outline Here is a literature review outline to guide you: Introduction This beginning section must be compelling and well articulating the theme and the thesis An example of an Introduction with a Theoretical Framework Poor choices in managing a crisis can damage to a reputation and drive it to losses. An image of an institution is thus helpful in building public confidence and trust. Crisis communication, therefore, delves into identifying effective ways that can be employed to manage a crisis. Such communication strategies also anchor on the creation of a positive perception of the affected institution to its external publics. Considerably, crisis communication serves an important role in allaying fears and reassuring the institutions public stability thus affecting their perceptions and attitudes. Essentially this chapter will examine literature from other studies that have previously been conducted and are of relevance to this research. The chapter at the same time will highlight the research problem to create a better understanding of crisis management systems and how communication impacts it, looks at the theoretical framework that aligns with the topic plus the empirical and general literatu re reviews. The Body of Outlining Literature Review Accordingly, when using the America Psychological Association style, the outline of the review should contain the theme(s) ordered in a manner that obeys APA provisions in terms of their structures which essentially is supposed key points which are evidentially provable and summaries that are traceable to the body. An apa literature review outline is presented: Sample content of the body General Literature with a subtopic Communication serves as the foundation upon which all human relations are based and it is therefore important that a solid knowledge of communication and good communication skills be put into practice to help address grievances, customer relations and events related to fundraising and so on (Lennon, 2004). Furthermore, good crisis communication centers on good listening skills, good expressive skills and constructively managing a conflict. Most importantly, the methods that are chosen in terms of how an institution deals with crises should be strategic and must be confined to proper channels of communication. Effective communication requires a proper conduit that ensures that the process of passing information in times of crisis is not only smooth but also effective. Here is another literature review outline example: Crisis Communication Channels Face to face is a channel whereby an institution engages in dyadic communication with its stakeholders to give information related to a crisis. The process also involves the institutions staff member relaying important information to a partner institution, as well as the institutions staff member to individuals in the community. Face to face enhances interpersonal communication and helps to solidify trust among the parties or the Publics to an institution. Group delivery is basically a crisis communication channel centered on communicating with a small group and participating in smaller public meetings. This helps in effectively passing information and actively involving such groups in plans to curb a crisis or in repairing an image of an institution damaged by a crisis. An institution may also opt to use public communication as a channel thereby involving public presentations to larger meetings. Such meetings may be arranged for the purpose of reaffirming an institutions commitment to the objectives that attracted its publics to it. More so, the channel provides an opportunity to make a clarification on important questions that the public may want to be answered. In the face of a crisis, public communication plays an integral part as it nurtures healthy democracy within the institutions. It also remains one of the more commonly understood venues where an institution can deliver remarks to audiences. Regrettably, this channel is not commonly used by learning institutions despite the fact that it is less expensive as compared to channels such as usage of mainstream media like radio and television (Greg, 2015). Mass media, such as radio, television, newspaper, and direct mail are other channels which have been largely used by the institutions to communicate in times of crises. These channels are however expensive but very effective given their accessibility and their reach. They are important in disseminating timely information to a much wider audience irrespective of wherever they are. In times of crises, the Public Relations practitioners strive to invoke their connections with the media houses so that they can be able to relay important information at cheaper or no cost at all. Importantly, direct mail can also enhance trust and confidence in the institution by the stakeholders. Opportunities and what McLuhan predicted as a global village has come to pass with the advent of social media. News dissemination and access has completely changed and has been made possible any day any time any minute (Jim, 2015). Initially, the medium choices for the flow of information were dominated by the newspapers and television but the internet has since offered access to institutions interested in disseminating information without restrictions. Besides the provision of equal access, social media also supports democracy in truth given that people around the world use it to organize demonstrations and rallies. According to Jim (2015), companies and institutions are forced by the internet to employ a sense of transparency in approaching the information flow. Public Relation Practitioners, therefore, finds online media useful in attaining the global reach and in dispensing appropriate information during a crisis. Many institutions are connected or rather have a connection to an internet which allows them to explore or to pass critical information to their publics. For example, Twitter has been incorporated in various institutions as formal means through which information are passed. Twitter is a social media platform and a communication tool that offers options in terms of provision of updates frequently as well as offering institutions with opportunities to sell their products and is quite important (Greg 2009; Jim, 2016). It is also considered as being informational because of its dynamism in offering the institutions Publics with an opportunity to get information on deals and running themes frequently. In times of crisis, Twitter can serve the Public Relations Officers with an opportunity to make the first impression about the institutions they represent therefore this platform is considered as not only being professional but also as one which rarely dwells on issues of less relevance to t he Publics (David, 2015). Make an Order Another outline for literature review: Empirical Literature Review The Role of Communication during Crisis Stages Learning institutions forms the social fabric of our society besides contributing economically to the nation. More so, such institutions contribute greatly to the cultural development of a country as well as fulfilling the objective of contributing to and enhancing the educational wishes and dreams of the young people. Unfortunately, crises at learning institutions can impede a societys progress and affect the security, financial stability, the wellbeing of its Publics and its image generally. Among the notable crises that occur in the learning institutions not excluding Kenyas learning institutions are strikes by the staffs, acts of racism, fire outbreaks, rape, diseases, murder, and robbery, administrative and or governance issues (Holand, 2015). The Conclusion The consequential results that are briefly presented are what summaries are. Therefore, the writer, in this case, must narrow down the readers attention to key details captured in a short form in this section besides restating the thesis. Here is sample literature review outline for the conclusion: Example of summarized information on the subject addressed earlier Failure to recognize the problem and respond accordingly by an institution to the identified problem is one of the factors that deter effective communication during a crisis. It results in a complete failure to implement crisis communication plans which may be helpful times of a crisis. Creative thinking in terms of crafting effective messages for the institutions Public determines the approach of risk management and should be a considerable factor in crisis communication (Wilberforce, 2015). It is imperative that consideration towards risk factors be built into existing activities and be characteristically a process of decision making. A management plan must be continuously updated and its communication philosophies changed. Additionally choice of wrong channels impedes effective of crisis communication, therefore, it is important that an institution chooses a channel of communicating crises that does not tarnish the image of the institution and further eroding trust publics to have on it (Drue, 2015).

Free Essays on Six Principles of Political Realism

SIX PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL REALISM 1.Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. In order to improve society it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, men will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion-between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking. Human nature, in which the laws of politics have their roots, has not changed since the classical philosophies of China, India, and Greece endeavored to discover these laws. Hence, novelty is not necessarily a virtue in political theory, nor is old age a defect. The fact that a theory of politics, if there be such a theory, has never been heard of before tends to create a presumption against, rather than in favor of, its soundness. Conversely, the fact that a theory of politics was developed hundreds or even thousands of years ag~as was the theory of the balance of power-does not create a presumption that it must be outmoded and obsolete. A theory of politics must be subjected to the dual test of reason and experience. To dismiss such a theory because it had its flowering in centuries past is to present not a rational argument but a modernistic prejudice that takes for granted the superiority of the present over the past. To dispose of the revival of such a theory as a "fashion" or " fad" is tantamount to assuming that ... Free Essays on Six Principles of Political Realism Free Essays on Six Principles of Political Realism SIX PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL REALISM 1.Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. In order to improve society it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, men will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion-between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking. Human nature, in which the laws of politics have their roots, has not changed since the classical philosophies of China, India, and Greece endeavored to discover these laws. Hence, novelty is not necessarily a virtue in political theory, nor is old age a defect. The fact that a theory of politics, if there be such a theory, has never been heard of before tends to create a presumption against, rather than in favor of, its soundness. Conversely, the fact that a theory of politics was developed hundreds or even thousands of years ag~as was the theory of the balance of power-does not create a presumption that it must be outmoded and obsolete. A theory of politics must be subjected to the dual test of reason and experience. To dismiss such a theory because it had its flowering in centuries past is to present not a rational argument but a modernistic prejudice that takes for granted the superiority of the present over the past. To dispose of the revival of such a theory as a "fashion" or " fad" is tantamount to assuming that ...

Speedy Hire Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Speedy Hire Plc - Essay Example y has increased the requirements for the housing sector in the country and the reduced cyclicality has allowed companies to anticipate the market trends more effectively. Companies including Speedy Hire Plc within this sector is continuously relying on the information technology therefore there will be increased dependence on technology in the future also. Legal environment in the country is favorable. Environmental concerns for companies are increasingly becoming a burning issue for the hire industry and it is believed that companies successfully addressing environmental issues will competitive advantage in the future. Starting with a very humble beginning, Speedy Hire Plc is now considered as top company in UK for hire market and is listed on Stock Exchange. Speedy Hire Plc is a business to business company and operates through two divisions of Tool Hire and Equipment Hire. The Tool hire division operates through five regional companies with 235 depots whereas Equipment Hire division also operates through the five businesses with 126 depots. Over the period of time, company has made an organic growth and now considered as one of the major players in the market. The competitive landscape in the market is changing. The market historically remain divided into two product lines however this traditional demarcation is changing and market seems to be consolidating. The increasing environmental concerns and increased use of information technology are the two factors which are further pushing the competition to the limits. This further aggravates the fact that there are very low barriers to entry into the market therefore there remains a great threat of new entrants into the market also. Besides small players mushroomed at local level can be considered as bigger threat also. As discussed above that the barriers to entry are low in the market therefore there is a strong possibility of new entrants making into the market however considering the cost of doing business,

Overcoming Terrorist Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overcoming Terrorist Issues - Essay Example Thousands of people could have been affected and even killed if the terrorists had carried out their plan. The terrorists do not plan on only using physical weapons in public places. They have also decided to use biological terrorism by sending viruses into public areas. An example comes from the office of Tom Daschle, when the noted Anthrax virus was sent out in the mail. While nobody at the office was affected by this, it does help to underline the fear of a biological agent being released into society. Biological agents have been a known means of warfare and have been in existence for some time. For example, when the Cold War was in effect, both the United States and the Soviet Union had developed means of biological warfare. One that is currently largely feared to be used by the terrorists is the concept of botulism. Botulism, which is a very harsh form of food poisoning, could be spread among the agriculture of the United States and could thus cause widespread sickness and panic in the country (Medicine, n.d.). The terrorists could easily use both large scale and small scale concepts to spread this disease if they choose to. It has been widely admitted by the United States and many doctors that work in America that the country is not prepared for any large scale attack of biological warfare (Yungher, 2008). ... Since botulism is such an ardent fear and such a horrible disease, the only way to overcome it and to avoid a widespread panic would be to develop vaccinations against it (Center for Disease Control, n.d.). Furthermore, the vaccinations would have to be readily available and inexpensive for individuals to afford. Therefore, the government will have to put up its own money in order to invest in the wellness of its people. This will be important for assisting and protecting the Americans against any kind of biological attack, or biological warfare. Botulism is one of the most marked fears when it comes to biological terrorism, but other diseases are also causes for concern. Therefore, the government should fund a program that will focus on finding remedies for agents that might be used in a case of biological warfare. This department should also make sure that enough medicine is available if a wide crisis does ensue. Preparation for this kind of panic is one of the best ways to counter -act it. If the United States does not begin to prepare, it could have a very severe issue on its hands, and its population could be easily decimated and destroyed by sickness. 2. From a Jihad perspective, justify the choice of joining the cause. Explain your reasoning for supporting it. Why would one who was a Muslim wish to join the Jihad on America What would be the reasons for joining the cause There are several reasons why this concept is attractive to many people in Islamic countries. First, the concept of Jihad fits into the perspective of the Islamic religion. While most sects of Islam that take Jihad in its full seriousness are considered radicals, it can be

The rule in Salomon v Salomon & Co [1897] AC 22 has been described as Assignment - 1

The rule in Salomon v Salomon & Co [1897] AC 22 has been described as one of the corner stones of English Company Law. Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law - Assignment Example Furthermore, through the extension of the advantages of incorporation to small companies, this case of Salomon manages to promote fraud, and the evasion of certain legal obligations. This article explains the impact that Salomon vs. Salomon has had on companies and corporations. On a general perspective, the judgment by the House of Lords was a good decision. This case is recognized all over the world as a good authority, regarding the principle of a corporation being a separate legal entity. Under this case, the House of Lords firmly established that after incorporation, a new and a separate artificial organization comes into existence. Under the law, a company is a distinct person, and it has its own personality, which is separate and independent from the people who created it, invested in it, and those who direct and manage the operations of the company2. From the principles established in this case, the duties and rights of a corporation are different from the duties and rights of the directors, members, or the stakeholders of the corporation. These people are always obscured by the concept of the corporate veil, which normally surrounds the company. A corporate veil refers to a legal concept which is responsible for separating the personality of that of a corporation, from the personality of the shareholders of a corporation. Furthermore, this personality protects the managers and shareholders of a corporation from personal liability of the company’s debts, and any other obligation that the company may face3. However, this protection is not impenetrable or iron clad, and this is mainly because the court can rule that the activities of a company are not conducted as per the provisions of the legislation that guides the operations of a company, or the managers or shareholders of a company were engaged in carrying out illegal a ctivities. Based on these facts, the courts may hold the

Antivirus Research And Development Techniques

Antivirus Research And Development Techniques Antivirus software is the most booming product which has constant developments to be most up to date defensive detecting product competing with all other antivirus software products available in the commercial market. This thesis covers few techniques used by the antivirus products, a general background information about viruses and antivirus products, some research made on antivirus overheads which shows what overheads are introduced to the computer on using an antivirus products, a research made on one of the most important and common technique used by the antivirus software products to detect viruses which is signature based detection, also covers how antivirus software is updated and how new virus signatures are updated to the virus database. There is some research also on selected algorithms used by the techniques, here in this thesis it is explained how each selected algorithm works to detect the code or a file as an infected file or uninfected. In the experimentation, the expe riment is done to detect a virus using three selected popularly known antivirus software products, where reports shown by the three products are compared and concluded. Chapter 1: Introduction A life without computers cannot be imagined in the present life style where it plays a very important role though it might be any field one chooses from the millions. Computer is vulnerable to attacks which are most dangerous and hard to handle with. Just like humans even computers are attacked by viruses. A virus can be in a form of worm, malware or Trojan horses anything that infects the computer. The common source of these viruses is World Wide Web where a malicious person can spread the malware very easily. Many researchers found many methods or procedures to stop the attacks of virus that came up with many techniques or software to remove the viruses which are called Anti-Virus software. A computer virus spreads into the computer through emails, floppy disks, internet and many other sources. The spreading mechanism is usually from one computer to another where it corrupts data or deletes the data from the computer. The viruses mostly spread through internet or through emails which may have some hidden illicit software where the user unknowingly downloads the material into the computer. A virus can attack or cause damage to boot sector, system files, data files, software and also on system bios. There are many newer viruses which attack on many other parts of the computer. Viruses can spread by booting the computer using the infected file, executing or installing the infected file, or by opening the infected data or file. The main hardware sources can be floppy disks, compact disks, USB or external hard drives or a connection with other computer on an unsafe medium. This rapid growth of viruses is challenging the antivirus software in different fields like prevention of viruses, preparation, detection, recovery and control of viruses. Nowadays there are so many antivirus software tools that remove viruses from the PC and helps protect from future attacks. Antivirus raises privacy and security issues of our computers we work on which is a major issue. However, after taking so many safety measures the growth of viruses is rapidly increasing which are most dangerous and wider. In this thesis, a history on viruses and evolution of antivirus software is shown where I will explain about how viruses came into existence and what type of viruses evolved and antivirus software discovery. This general criteria of this thesis is mainly targeted on three selected techniques and is mostly concentrated one technique out of the selected three techniques and scanning methods of antivirus products and also gives a basic scenario of how an antivirus product adopts a framework to update the virus database and also gives some information about how a general computer gets an information to update the product to make it ready to defend against the zero-day viruses. A brief comparison of viruses based on types where the definitions and related threats of viruses will be explained and the working effects of each type of viruses are explained. The working of antivirus software on different types of viruses is explained. Analysis of the current antivirus techniques, showing both advantages and disadvantages. In chapter 2 gives you the general outline of the thesis in which you can know a general history of the viruses, evolution of the antivirus software. A definition to the virus, types of viruses, the most common methods or techniques used. In chapter 3 Literature Review, shows the research and review of some selected papers or literature that I found interesting about w antivirus software. In this chapter, there is research in which some antivirus products, techniques and algorithms compared according to the developments in the recent times. Chapter 4 Experimentation part of the thesis where the comparison of different commercial antivirus products based on their efficiency to detect a virus is shown and also the results are based on false positives, false negatives and hit ratios shown by each antivirus product. Chapter 5 Conclusion concludes the thesis summarizing research and experimentation done on antivirus products. Appendix holds relevant information about the undefined key words or frameworks used in this thesis. Chapter 2 Overview This chapter gives general information about the viruses and antivirus giving some basic information about the virus history and when the antivirus software evolved. There different types of viruses and are classified according to the attacking features. This chapter will lead to better understanding of the techniques used by the antivirus products and also gives you basic knowledge about different antivirus products. 2.1 History of Viruses The computer virus is a program that copies itself to the computer without user permission and infects the system (Vinod et al. 2009). Virus basically means an infection which can be of many types of malware which include worms, trojan horses, rootkits, spyware and adware. The first work on computer programs was done by John Von Neumann in 1949 (wiki 2010). In his work he suggested that a computer program (the term virus was still not invented) can self-reproduce. The first virus was discovered in early 1990s which is Creeper virus. Creeper copies itself to other computers over a network and shows messages on the infected machine: IM THE CREEPER: CATCH ME IF YOU CAN. It was harmless but to catch the Creeper and stop it the Reaper was released. In 1974 Rabbit a program that spreads and multiples itself quickly and crashes the infected system after it reaches a certain limit or number of copies. In 1980s the virus named Elk Cloner has infected many PCs. The Apple II computer which was released in 1977 loads its operating system from the floppy disks, using these characteristics the Elk Cloner installed itself to the boot sector of the floppy disk and was loaded already before the operating system. Â ©Brain was the first stealth IBM-compatible virus. This stealth virus hides itself from being known and when detected it attempts to read the infected boot sector and displays the original, uninfected data. In 1987 the most dangerous virus got into news was Vienna virus which was first to infect the .COM files. Whenever the infected file was called it infects the other .COM files in the same directory. It was the first virus that was successfully neutralized by Bernd Fix and which leads to the idea of antivirus software. Then there were many viruses which were Cascade virus the first self-encrypting virus, Suriv Family virus which was a memory resident DOS file virus. Extremely dangerous virus was Datacrime virus which destructs FAT tables and cause loss of data. In 1990s there was Chameleon Virus, Concept virus and then CIH virus and in 2000s there were ILOVEYOU virus, My Doom Sasser. (Loebenberegr 2007) Vinod et al. 2009 defines computer virus as A program that infects other program by modifying them and their location such that a call to an infected program is a call to a possibly evolved, functional similar, copy of virus. To protect from the attacks, the antivirus software companies include many different methodologies for protecting against the virus attacks. 2.2 Virus Detectors The virus detector scans the file or a program to check whether file/program is malicious or benign. In this research there will be usage of some technical terms and detection methods which are defined below. The main goal for testing the file/program is to find for false positives, false negatives and hit ratio.(Vinod et. al. 2009) False Positive: This takes place when the scanner detects a non-infected file as a virus by error. They can be a waste of time and resources. False Negatives: This occurs when the scanners fail to detect the virus in an infected files. Hit Ratio: This happens when the virus scanner scans the virus. Detections are based on 3 types of malware which are: Basic In basic type the malware attacks the program at the entry point as shown in the figure 2.2.1. The control is transferred to virus payload as the entry point itself is infected. Infected Code Main Code Entry Infected by virus Figure 2.2.1 Attacking system by basic malware. (Vinod et al 2009) Polymorphic Polymorphic viruses are viruses which mutates by hiding the original code the virus consists of encrypted malware code along with decrypted unit. They create new mutants very time it is executed. The figure 2.2.2 shows how the main code or original code is encrypted by infected file to produce a decrypted virus code. Virus Code Decrypted Code Main Code Entry Encrypted by infected file Figure 2.2.2 Attacking system by polymorphic viruses. (Vinod et al 2009) Metamorphic Metamorphic viruses can reprogram themselves using some obfuscation techniques so that the new variants are not same as the original. It sees that the signatures of the subsets are not same as the main set. Form B Virus A Form A S1 S2 S3 Figure 2.2.3 Attacking system by metamorphic viruses. (Vinod et al 2009) The above figure 2.2.3 shows that the original virus and form of that virus have different signatures where s1, s2 s3 are different signatures. 2.3 Detection Methods 2.3.1 Signature based detection Here the scanners search for signatures which are sequence of bytes within the virus code and shows that the programs scanned are malicious. The signatures are developed easy if the network behavior is identified. Signature based detection is based on pattern matching. The pattern matching techniques evolved from times when the operating system was DOS. The viruses then were parasitic in nature and used to attack the host files and most common executable files. (Daniel, Sanok 2005) 2.3.2 Heuristic based detection Heuristics describe a method of scanning a virus by evaluating the patterns of behaviors. It takes the possibility of the file or program being a virus by testing the uniqueness and behavior matching them to the database of the antivirus heuristic which contains number of indicators. It is helpful to discover those viruses which does not have signatures or hides their signatures. It is also helpful to detect the metamorphic viruses (Daniel, Sanok 2005) 2.3.3 Obfuscation Technique This technique is used by the viruses to transform an original program into virus program using some transformation functions which makes the virus program irreversible, performs comparably with original program and has the functions of the original program. This technique is used mainly by metamorphic and polymorphic viruses. (Daniel, Sanok 2005) Antivirus Products There are many antivirus products available in the commercial market. Some of the most commonly used antivirus products are: McAfee G Data Symantec Avast Kaspersky Trend Micro AVG Bit Defender Norton ESET Nod32 Chapter 3: Literature Review 3.1 Antivirus workload characterization A research done by (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) shows an antivirus software package takes many ranges of techniques to check whether the file is infected or not. But from the observations of (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) to best difference between some antivirus software packages compare the overheads introduced by the respective antivirus software during on-access execution. When running antivirus software there is usage of two main models which are: on-demand. on-access. On-demand involves the scanning of the user specified files where as on-access can be a process that checks the system-level and the user-level operations and scans when an event occurs. The paper discusses the behavior of four different anti-virus software packages which run on a Intel Pentium IV being installed with Windows XP Professional. Considering three different test scenarios: A small executable file is copied from the CDROM to the hard disk. Executing a calc.exe And also executing wordpad.exe. All these executable files are running on the Windows XP Professional operating system. The antivirus packages used in this experiment were Cillin, F-Port, McAfee and Norton. The execution of the files are done using the before mentioned antivirus packages. Figure 3.1.1 shows the usage of these packages introduces some overheads during the execution which increases the time of execution. Fig 3.1.1 Performance degradation of antivirus packages (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Then a test was made to know about the extra instructions executed when the file system operations is performed and also when loading and executing a binary. Taking the both scenarios a small binary of very less size is involved. It is found that the execution is dominated by some hot basic blocks in each antivirus package. A basic block is considered hot if it is visited more than fifty thousand times. To detect the behavior of antivirus software packages the (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) used the platform which was majorly targeted by the virus attacks and also must have the existence of some of the commercial antivirus software. A framework of simulator is introduced here called Virustech Simics this has architectural structure as shown in table 3.1.1. Virustech Simics is a simulator that includes a cycle-accurate micro-architectural model and used to get cycle-accurate performance numbers. Table 3.1.1 Virustech Simics architectural structures (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Processor Model Processor Operating Frequency L1 Trace Cache L1 Data Cache L2 Cache Main Memory Intel Pentium 4 2.0A 2GHz 12K entry 8KB 512KB 256MB The goal behind the model is to confine the execution of antivirus software on a system. To achieve metrics the stream executed is passed to the simulator. To simulate the micro-processor, simics are configured. The host (simulator) executes the operating system loaded via simulated hard drive. On top of the operating system the researchers have installed and run the antivirus software and also the test scenarios are taken (see figure 3.1.2). After this the comparison is done between the baseline configuration execution (without the antivirus software installed) and the systems that are installed with four different antivirus packages. L2 Cache Copy/execute process Antivirus Process L1 Inst Cache L1 data Cache Operating System (Windows XP) Inst Stream Simulate micro-architecture Simulated Architecture HOST Fig 3.1.2 Multi Level architectural Micro Architectural simulation environment (Derek, Mischa, and David 2005) The table 3.1.2 shows the summary of five configurations. For each experiment an image file is created and loaded as a CDROM in the machine. The execution of the utility (contains special instructions) at the start and end of each collection was done in order to assist accurate profile collection. Table 3.1.2: Five environments evaluated: Base has no antivirus software running (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Configuration Anti-Virus edition Version Base NAV PC-Cillin McAfee F-Port Norton Anti-Virus Professional 2004 Trend Micro Internet Security McAfee Virus scan professional F-Port Antivirus for windows 10.0.0.109 11.0.0.1253 8.0.20 3.14b The three different operations invoke anti-virus scanning. In first, a file from the CDROM to the hard drive was copied, and then the operating system accessories: calculator and wordpad are run accessing through a shortcut. After experimentation it is found that there is less than one percent difference in the work load parameters throughout the profile runs. Then on doing the antivirus characterization it is seen that there is a gradual increase in the cache activity which shows that the overheads released is smallest for F-Port and highest for Norton. The impact on memory while running the antivirus software shows that Norton and McAfee have larger footprints that the Base case, F-Port Cillin. 3.2 Development techniques a framework showing malware detection using combination of techniques There are several developments in techniques used by antivirus software. These techniques must be able to detect viruses which were not detected by previous techniques and this is what we say a development in technique. Antivirus software not only does detect a virus but also worms, Trojan horses, spyware and other malicious codes which constitute malware. Malware is a code or a program which intents to damage the computer with its malicious code. We can filter malware by use of specific antivirus software that installs detection techniques and algorithms. Several commercial antivirus programs uses a common technique called signature-based matching; this technique must be often updated to store new malware signatures in virus dictionary. As the technology advances plenty of malware writers aim to employ better hiding techniques, importantly rootkits became a security issue because of its higher hiding ability. There is a development of many new detection methods which are used to detect malware, machine learning technique and data mining technique. In this research Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A.,2010 have proposed a new framework to detect malware for which there is a combination of two techniques signature based technique and machine learning technique. This framework has three main sections which are signature-based detection, genetic algorithm based detection signature generator. Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 defines malware as the software that performs actions intended by an attacker without consent of the owner when executed. Every malware has precise individuality, goal attack and transmission method. According to Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 virus is that malware, which when executed tries to replicate itself into other executable code within a host. What so ever, as technology advances creating malware became sophisticated and extensively improved since early days. Signature-based matching technique is most common approach to detect malware, this technique works by contrasting file content with the signature by using an approach called string scan that search for pre-defined bit patterns. There are some limitations which needs to be solved to this technique though it is popular and very reliable for host-based security tool. The problem with signature-based matching technique I it fails to detect zero-day virus attack or zero-day malware attack. Zero-day malware attack are also called new launch malware. To store and capture a new virus pattern for upcoming use, some number of computers needs to be infected. Figure 3.2.1 shows an automatic malware removal and system repair was developed by F.Hsu et al. 2006 which has three important parts such as monitor, a logger, and a recovery agent. The framework solves two problems: Determines the un-trusted program that breaks the system integrity. Removal of un-trusted program Untrusted Process Trusted Process Logger Recovery agent Monitor Operating System Figure 3.2.1: Framework for monitoring, logging recovery by F.Hsu et al. 2006 The framework is used to monitor and enter logs of the un-trusted program. This framework is capable of defending known and unknown malware, though it does not need any prior information of the un-trusted programs. And from the user side there is no need of modifying any current programs and need not observe that the program is running in the framework as the framework is invisible to both known and unknown malware. A sample of this framework was used on the windows environment and shows that all the malware changes can be detected compared to the commercial tools which use the signature based technique. Machine learning algorithm was tested and applied on the malware detection technique. In order to classify the signature-based technique limitations that particular technique was using an adaptive data compression. The two restrictions of signature-based technique according to Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 are: It is not compulsory that all malicious programs have bit patterns which are proof of their malicious nature and are also not recorded in virus dictionaries. Many forms of bit patterns are taken by obfuscated malware that will not work on signature-based technique. Genetic Algorithm (GA) takes the full advantage of system limitations that are used to detect zero day malware or the day malware was launched. The algorithm was used to develop a detection technique called IMAD that analyzes the new malware. To oppose the restrictions of signature-based detection technique this technique has been developed. Data mining is another technique which was applied on malware detection much before. The standard data mining algorithm classifies every block file content as normal or used to categorize potentially the malware. To defeat the limitations of signature-based antivirus programs an Intelligent Malware Detection System known as IMDS was developed. This system used Object Oriented Association which adapts OOA_Fast_FPGrowth algorithm. A complete experimentation on windows API file sequence was done which re called PE files. The huge gathering of PE files was taken from the King Soft Corporation antivirus laboratory which is used to compare many malware detection approaches. The results show that IMDS system shows the best results than Norton and McAfee. The proposed framework has two techniques combined which are signature-based technique and GA technique. It was designed to resolve two challenges of malware detections. How to detect newly launched malware (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) How to generate signature from infected file (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) Signature Generator S-Based Detection GA Detection Figure 3.2.2: Framework for malware detection technique (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) The main components are s-based detection, s-based generator and GA detection(see figure 3.2.2). The s-based detection acts first in defending the malware, then GA detection is the second layer which is another defense layer that is used to detect newly launched malware. After creating the new signature from zero-day malware these signatures are used by signature based detection technique. Signature based detection is a fixed examining method used on every antivirus product. This is also called a static analysis method. This decides whether the code is malicious or not by using its malware characterization. This technique is sometimes also called scan strings. In general every malware has one or more patterns of signature which has unique characters. Antivirus software searches through data stream bytes, when a program is executed. Database of antivirus software has thousands of signatures it scans through each signature comparing it with the program code which is executed. For comparing purposes searching algorithm is used, the comparison is usually between program code content with the signature database. The Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 chooses this technique at the beginning of the framework because of its effective detection of well known viruses. This technique was used in this framework in order to develop the competence of computer operation. G.A detection technique is one of the most popular technique that is used to detect newly launched malware. This is used to learn approaches to resolve algebraic or statistical research problems. This is a machine learning technique which applies genetic programming that learns a evolving population. Chromosomes are used for data representation which is used in this algorithm, chromosomes are bit string values, new chromosomes are developed from a bit string combinations from existing chromosomes. Basing the nature of the problem the solution for the problem is given. Crossover and mutation are 2 types of basic operations in GA, to solve the issues concerned with polymorphic viruses and new types of malware this technique was introduced in this framework. By using this technique codes of malware using hidden technique can also be detected which only because of its learning and filtering aspects of virus behavior.( Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) S-based generator generate string patterns are used by signatures which are used to characterize and identify the viruses. Forensic experts started creating signatures once a new virus sample is found, based on the virus behavior these signatures are created. All the antivirus products creates their own signatures and accessing records they are encrypted in case there are more than one antivirus software installed on the computer. As soon as a signature is created the signature database is updated with it. Every computer user requires updating the antivirus product with the database in order to defense against the new viruses. Signature pattern is 16 bytes and to detect 16 bit virus 16 bytes is more than enough.( Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) This generator takes the behavior of virus which identified by the GA detection. The signature pattern of the virus is generated and is added to virus database as a new signature for the signature based detection. To replace the forensic experts task this framework was proposed. This creation of framework was lot useful in detecting the new virus signature, and to improve the efficiency and performance of the computer. 3.3 Improving speed of signature scanners using BMH algorithm. This paper discusses about the problem of detecting viruses using signature scanning method that relies on fast pattern matching algorithm So basically in this technique the pattern is a virus signature which is searched for anywhere in the file. This algorithm is an expensive task which affects the performance frequently. Many users may find it impatient if the pattern matching algorithm does not work fast and consumes lot of time. So to avoid this faster pattern matching algorithm is used to the scanner which is Boyer-Moore Horspool algorithm when compare d to Boyer-Moore algorithm and Turbo Boyer Moore algorithm proved to be the fastest pattern matching algorithm. In technical terms, a virus has three parts which are trigger, infection mechanism and payload. The main mechanism which is infection mechanism part actually looks for fatalities and frequently avoids multiple infections. After looking for fatalities it might overwrite the fatalities or can attach itself at the beginning of the file or at the end of the fle. Trigger is actually a event which specifies when the payload has to be executed. The payload is the foundation of malicious behavior which actually can be corruption of boot sector or manipulating files. To detect a virus and to disinfect the infected file are two most important tasks of algorithms used by antivirus software. So defense system code of the algorithm must have a part that is able to detect any type of virus code. There are four types of basic detection techniques. Integrity Checking Signature Scanning Activity Monitoring Heuristic Method. Integrity checking technique: This program gives checker codes that can be checksums, CRCs or hashes of files that are used to check viruses. Regularly the checksum are re-computed and is compared against the previous checksums. In case the two checksums does not match it is indicated that the file is infected since the file is modified. This technique detects the virus presence by detecting the change in files and also is capable to detect new or unknown viruses. But this technique has several drawbacks. Firstly, the primary checksum calculation has to be performed on a virus less clean system so the technique can never detect viruses if system is infected. Secondly there are lots of false positives if the system is modified during execution. (Sunitha Kanaujiya, et., al 2010) Signature scanning technique: This technique is used on large scale to detect virus. This reads data from a system and to that it applies pattern matching algorithm to list of existing virus patterns in case it matches with the existing patterns it is a virus. This scanning technique is effective but the pattern database needs frequent updating which is very easy. There are several advantages of this scanner one of it is the scanning speed for this technique can be increased, it can also be used to detect other types of malicious programs like Trojan horses, worms, logic bombs, etc. So mainly for the virus it is only signature of the virus which is needed and update it to the database. This technique is used on many viruses due to this reason. Activity monitoring technique: This technique is used to monitor the behavior of programs executed by some other programs these monitoring programs are known as behavior monitor and they stay in main memory. The behavior monitors alarms or do some action to prevent the program when it tries to do some unusual activities like interrupting tables, partition tables or boot sectors. The database maintains every virus behavior that is supposed to be. The main disadvantage is when the new virus uses another infecting method that is not in the database and in this scenario finding virus is helpless. Secondly viruses avoid defense by activating earlier in the boot sequence prior to the behavior monitors. And also viruses modify the monitors

The Dark Side of Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

The Dark Side of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can any reader of Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth not feel the dark hand of death hovering over his head? Why does this sensation occur?    Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the "images of night" and their impact on the audience:    The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. K's performance of that part, the painful anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness [. . .]. (134)    Roger Warren states in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunn's direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, how the witches represented the darkness of   black magic:    Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic. Purity was embodied by Duncan, very infirm (in 1974 he was blind), dressed in white and accompanied by church organ music, set against the black magic of the witches, who even chanted 'Double, double to the Dies Irae. (283)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson states the place of darkness in the action of the play:    It is the phrase "to outrun the pauser, reason [2.3]," which seems to me to describe the action, or motive, of the play as a whole. Macbeth, of course, literally means that his love for Duncan was so strong and so swift that it got ahead of his reason, which would have counseled a pause. But in the same way we have seen his greed and ambition outrun his reason when he committed the murder; and in the same way all of the characters, in the irrational darkness of Scotland's evil hour, are compelled in their action to strive beyond what they can see by reason alone.

Puritans DBQ Essay

In the 1600’s, the Puritans migrated to the Americas using their more Christian and traditional values to influence the economical, political, and social development of the New England colonies. The Puritans traveled out of a desire to create a more â€Å"pure† and more Christian society, not of primarily economic interests. The Puritan’s idea of what God’s indication of a perfect humanity made a lasting impression on New England. The region’s economic success was second to religious beliefs. New England originally existed as a plantation of Religion, not a plantation of Trade. (Doc J). The Puritans believed that wealth was a sign of God’s favor, and they worked hard to make sure that they were at the â€Å"top of the hill†. They became merchants and participated in the commercial trading centers of the New World. The Puritan’s importance of being God’s favorite demonstrates the development of New England’s economy. Politically, the Puritans influenced the progress of New England by enforcing their strict moral code, morality succeeded all other concerns. The use of morality and religion in politics led to uprisings. An example of this is Roger Williams â€Å"Plea for Religious Liberty,† questioning authority. (Doc F). Nathanial Ward argues that liberty, conscience and moral laws have to be in balance in order for the â€Å"fiddle to be in tune,† and society to succeed. (Doc G). The Puritan’s beliefs in community and education caused New England to have bigger families and a better education. Puritan’s believed in educating new members of the â€Å"elite,† to inform new followers of their belief. Harvard University was created to teach Puritan ways. They longed for an advance in learning. (Doc E). The Puritans were a very close community. They rejoiced and mourned together. (Doc A). This steered to the development of towns and villages. In addition, the Puritans traveled to the new world in families, not individuals. This causes the region to have a balanced men and women ratio. All in all, the Puritan’s motivation for establishing a pure Christian society influenced the economic, political, and social development of New England. Economically, they made a center of mercantilism in the favor of  God. Politically, the Puritans used their moral beliefs to create a basic political structure for New England. Socially, they formed communities with a balanced male and female population.

The Ethical and Legal Obligations of Accounting Reporting.

The Ethical and Legal Obligations of Accounting Reporting. Accounting is known as the Language of Business. The American Heritage Dictionary of the American Language defines accounting as activities that provide information, usually quantitative and often express in monetary units, for decision making, planning, controlling resources and operations, evaluating performance, and financial reporting to regulatory authorities and the membership. Here in the United States we have three forms of accounting practice: Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Certified Management Accountant (CMA), and Certified Internal Auditors (CIA). There are many qualifications and standards each accountant must adhere to. A CPA is licensed by the state of his/her residence to provide auditing services to the public. He/She must also pass the Uniform Certified Public Accountant examination which is graded by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. After passing a four part exam, a CIA is given a certificate from the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). A CIA mostly supplies his/her services directly to their employers rather than the public.Michael Oxley , U.S. Senator from Maryland.A CMA must also pass a four part test along with meeting the experience requirements from the IMA. A CMA also provides service directly to the employer rather than the public. Along the basic criteria's (passing tests and becoming certified), individuals must also adhere to the standers and legal obligations set forth by governmental and state agencies.The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is an independent, private, non-Governmental authority that will be utilized to support the establishment of accounting principles in the United States. The mission of the Financial Accounting Standards Board is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. The Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC, is the United State s governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry.

Free Essays on Urban Ecology

There are many different theories regarding the study of urban ecology and the development, in particular of American cities. Throughout the years different theories have evolved. The concentric zone theory came first, followed by the sector theory, multiple nuclei theory, and others. When we more recently examined these older theories and applied them to modern cities different ways of studying the ecologies arose. Social area analysis, factorial ecology, and the Synthesis Theory were some of the theories that arose out of this modern thinking. Our hometown of Cleveland falls under many of these theories and modern ideas throughout its urban development. The Concentric Zone Theory was the basis of most of the theories present. The basics of it are present throughout almost all cities of the American landscape. The basic theory is that cities grow like a tree with rings spreading outward. A central business district lies in the middle. The next outlying ring would be ghetto and poor areas. Surrounding this would be transitional housing between poor and middle class. Next would be middle class housing. Surrounding that is more upper class homes, and commuters. This basic analysis is evident throughout but it doesn’t take many things into account. Social structures were not discussed. Competition varies in city to city depending on type of industries, etc. Also all cities are not based on the same form of transportation such as New York or Washington D.C. with their subways vs. Detroit or Columbus which have none. The next two theories evolved out of the flaws of the Concentric Theory. The Sector Theory looked closer at areas, block by block. Pie shaped or wedge shaped areas arose. Many ethnic groups were in districts together. New York’s Chinatown and New Orleans French Quarter are examples. It noticed how these districts of rich and poor would sometimes be within a block of each other. Also these districts ... Free Essays on Urban Ecology Free Essays on Urban Ecology There are many different theories regarding the study of urban ecology and the development, in particular of American cities. Throughout the years different theories have evolved. The concentric zone theory came first, followed by the sector theory, multiple nuclei theory, and others. When we more recently examined these older theories and applied them to modern cities different ways of studying the ecologies arose. Social area analysis, factorial ecology, and the Synthesis Theory were some of the theories that arose out of this modern thinking. Our hometown of Cleveland falls under many of these theories and modern ideas throughout its urban development. The Concentric Zone Theory was the basis of most of the theories present. The basics of it are present throughout almost all cities of the American landscape. The basic theory is that cities grow like a tree with rings spreading outward. A central business district lies in the middle. The next outlying ring would be ghetto and poor areas. Surrounding this would be transitional housing between poor and middle class. Next would be middle class housing. Surrounding that is more upper class homes, and commuters. This basic analysis is evident throughout but it doesn’t take many things into account. Social structures were not discussed. Competition varies in city to city depending on type of industries, etc. Also all cities are not based on the same form of transportation such as New York or Washington D.C. with their subways vs. Detroit or Columbus which have none. The next two theories evolved out of the flaws of the Concentric Theory. The Sector Theory looked closer at areas, block by block. Pie shaped or wedge shaped areas arose. Many ethnic groups were in districts together. New York’s Chinatown and New Orleans French Quarter are examples. It noticed how these districts of rich and poor would sometimes be within a block of each other. Also these districts ...

How has Christ been Understood to be Present in the Eucharist Essay

How has Christ been Understood to be Present in the Eucharist - Essay Example This essay stresses that Christ is not only the author and minister of each sacrament, but equally the exemplar of the grace which each sacrament is designed to realise, by naming explicitly the grace or virtue conveyed in and through each sacrament. In the Eucharist, this particular grace is self-giving. Macquarrie forwards the idea that through these sacraments, â€Å"things† which are considered otherwise ordinary are taken to new spiritual levels, or people’s understanding of them have, by virtue of the persistence of their faith, undergone intense deepening. Hence, bread which is of the earth and which human hands have made become the â€Å"Word of Life† and Wine, normally considered the fruit of the vine and a product of human toil and labor, becomes the â€Å"spiritual drink† and the â€Å"cup of our salvation†. This paper makes a conclusion that there is no doubt that the Eucharist is very important in the Anglican Church. No one by a bishop or presbyter may administer the Eucharist and it mandates that â€Å"pure wheaten bread and wine, being the fermented juice of the grape, are the necessary elements of the Sacrament.† The doctrine of the Catholic Church and the Anglican Church with respect to Transubstantiation was one and the same. When the reign of Edward VI ushered in a more Protestant ideology, transubstantiation was refuted and denied. The Doctrine of Transubstantiation, many Anglicans believe, tend to obscure the deeper meaning of the Eucharist.